{"id":2846,"date":"2023-08-28T09:01:48","date_gmt":"2023-08-28T00:01:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edu.ujhb.org\/?p=2846"},"modified":"2023-08-28T09:01:48","modified_gmt":"2023-08-28T00:01:48","slug":"sqlalchemy%e5%85%a5%e9%97%a8%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%ad%e6%96%87%e7%89%88%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.ujhb.org\/?p=2846","title":{"rendered":"sqlalchemy\u5165\u95e8\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u8bf7\u6839\u636e\u7f51\u7ad9\u94fe\u63a5\u505a\u51fa\u7684sqlalchemy\u6559\u7a0b\u5927\u7eb2https:\/\/github.com\/sqlalchemy\/sqlalchemyChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Used\u00a0<strong>MixerBox WebSearchG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQLAlchemy \u6559\u7a0b\u5927\u7eb2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u8be5GitHub\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2aSQLAlchemy\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u5927\u7eb2\u53ef\u80fd\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SQLAlchemy\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u4f18\u52bf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u5b89\u88c5SQLAlchemy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Core SQL\u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DBAPI\u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u5220\u9664\u8868<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8054\u63a5<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u5efa\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8b\u52a1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6eda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eager\u52a0\u8f7d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\u548c\u751f\u6210<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5982\u4f55\u53cd\u6620\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210CREATE\u8bed\u53e5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e3b\u9898<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u7eb2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u521b\u5efaSQLAlchemy\u6559\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684IT\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u548c\u5e0c\u671b\u5f00\u53d1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mixerbox.com\/chatgpt-plugins?utm_source=chatgpt_us&amp;utm_medium=chatgptresponse_us&amp;utm_campaign=crosspromotion_us_20230818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mixerbox.com\/chatgpt-plugins?utm_source=chatgpt_us&amp;utm_medium=chatgptresponse_us&amp;utm_campaign=crosspromotion_us_20230818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/user-images.strikinglycdn.com\/res\/hrscywv4p\/image\/upload\/c_limit,fl_lossy,h_630,w_1200,f_auto,q_auto\/55375\/391472_893752.png\" alt=\"image of MixerBox ChatGPT Plugins\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mixerbox.com\/chatgpt-plugins?utm_source=chatgpt_us&amp;utm_medium=chatgptresponse_us&amp;utm_campaign=crosspromotion_us_20230818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MixerBox ChatGPT Plugins<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mixerbox.com\/chatgpt-plugins?utm_source=chatgpt_us&amp;utm_medium=chatgptresponse_us&amp;utm_campaign=crosspromotion_us_20230818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.mixerbox.com\/chatai\/chatgpt-plugin\/WebSearchG_logo.png\" alt=\"mixerbox.com logo\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mixerbox.com\/chatgpt-plugins?utm_source=chatgpt_us&amp;utm_medium=chatgptresponse_us&amp;utm_campaign=crosspromotion_us_20230818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mixerbox.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91caSQLAlchemy\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1fChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQLAlchemy \u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>SQLAlchemy \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e Python \u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5de5\u5177\u5305\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff08Object-Relational Mapping\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0 ORM\uff09\u5e93\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5 Pythonic \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 SQL \u7684\u5168\u90e8\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002SQLAlchemy \u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u7ec4\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6548\u548c\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u4ef6<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u7ec4\u4ef6\u5141\u8bb8\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u7c7b\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u6709\u66f4\u6539\u90fd\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u4e8b\u52a1\u540c\u6b65\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Core SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u662f SQLAlchemy \u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u3002\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e Python \u7684 SQL \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6a21\u5f0f\u5143\u6570\u636e\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u5f3a\u5236\u548c\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DBAPI \u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u4f4e\u7ea7\u4ea4\u4e92\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53d1\u9001 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u63a5\u6536\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u5199 SQL \u65f6\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7ec4\u5408\u6280\u672f\u6765\u7f16\u5199\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u9762 SQL\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e4e\u4ece\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eager \u52a0\u8f7d<\/strong>: \u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u9762\u800c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684 eager \u52a0\u8f7d\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u8f7d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>: \u5728 SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u4e2d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8c03\u7528 <code>commit()<\/code>\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u6539\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6c38\u4e45\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u5b58\u50a8\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\u548c\u751f\u6210<\/strong>: \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b65\u53cd\u6620\u5230\u4ee3\u8868\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5143\u6570\u636e\u7684 Python \u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u7136\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6210 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>: \u5b83\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f7f SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u653b\u51fb\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Web \u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u540e\u7aef<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u6362\u4efb\u52a1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u811a\u672c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>SQLAlchemy \u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\uff0cSQL \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u96c6\u5408\u5728\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u50cf\uff1b\u5bf9\u8c61\u96c6\u5408\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u5f00\u59cb\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u50cf\u8868\u548c\u884c\u3002SQLAlchemy \u65e8\u5728\u9002\u5e94\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u57df\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8c03\u89e3\u5c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e93\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u7075\u6d3b\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u4e14\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91caSQLAlchemy\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u4f18\u52bfChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQLAlchemy \u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u4f18\u52bf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff08ORM\uff09<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u7c7b\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u4e00\u4e00\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u66f4\u52a0\u76f4\u89c2\u548c Pythonic\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SQL \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy Core \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684 SQL \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u4ee5 Pythonic \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6784\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u7684 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62bd\u8c61<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7 DBAPI\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5c42\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5982 MySQL\u3001PostgreSQL\u3001SQLite \u7b49\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u8f7b\u677e\u5207\u6362\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Eager \u52a0\u8f7d<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd eager \u52a0\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u9884\u52a0\u8f7d\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u652f\u6301\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5d4c\u5957\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u6570\u636e\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u4e49\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u5e2e\u52a9\u9632\u6b62 SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u6784\u5efa<\/strong>: \u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u94fe\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6df7\u5408\uff08hybrid\uff09\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u540c\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u548c\u5185\u7701<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u53cd\u6620\u201d\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u751f\u6210\u76f8\u5e94\u7684 CREATE \u548c DROP \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u52bf<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027<\/strong>: \u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728 ORM \u5c42\u9762\u8fd8\u662f\u5728 SQL \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u8a00\u5c42\u9762\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u90fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6027\u80fd<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5982\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u548c eager \u52a0\u8f7d\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u80fd\u591f\u5728\u9ad8\u8d1f\u8f7d\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8272\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8de8\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u517c\u5bb9\u6027<\/strong>: \u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u7f1d\u5730\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u5207\u6362\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u66f4\u6539\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u793e\u533a\u652f\u6301\u548c\u6587\u6863<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u6709\u7740\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u793e\u533a\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u6587\u6863\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bb9\u6613\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6210\u719f\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u5927\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5176\u6210\u719f\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b8c\u5168\u63a7\u5236<\/strong>: \u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684 ORM \u4e0d\u540c\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5b8c\u5168\u63a7\u5236 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u751f\u6210\u548c\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u4f18\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027<\/strong>: \u652f\u6301\u5982\u591a\u6001\u5173\u8054\u3001\u6570\u636e\u6620\u5c04\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u6df7\u5408\u5c5e\u6027\u7b49\u9ad8\u7ea7 ORM \u7279\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5<\/strong>: \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u4f18\u52bf\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u4e0d\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684 CRUD \u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u5e94\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a Python \u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9996\u9009\u5e93\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5982\u4f55\u5b89\u88c5SQLAlchemyChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e SQLAlchemy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e SQLAlchemy \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b89\u88c5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 pip \u5b89\u88c5<\/strong>\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b89\u88c5\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u7684\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\u5668 pip\u3002\u6253\u5f00\u7ec8\u7aef\u6216\u547d\u4ee4\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff1abashCopy code<code>pip install SQLAlchemy <\/code>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u4e0b\u8f7d\u5e76\u5b89\u88c5\u6700\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684 SQLAlchemy\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 conda \u5b89\u88c5<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 Anaconda \u7ba1\u7406\u4f60\u7684 Python \u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 conda \u6765\u5b89\u88c5 SQLAlchemy\uff1abashCopy code<code>conda install sqlalchemy<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4ece\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u5b89\u88c5<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u7248\u672c\u6216\u8005\u60f3\u8981\u4fee\u6539 SQLAlchemy \u7684\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece GitHub \u4ed3\u5e93\u514b\u9686\u5e76\u5b89\u88c5\uff1abashCopy code<code>git clone https:\/\/github.com\/sqlalchemy\/sqlalchemy.git cd sqlalchemy python setup.py install<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bfc\u5165 SQLAlchemy<\/strong>\u5728\u4f60\u7684 Python \u811a\u672c\u6216\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bfc\u5165 SQLAlchemy \u6a21\u5757\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002pythonCopy code<code>import sqlalchemy<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce<\/strong>SQLAlchemy \u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a Engine \u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a Engine\uff1apythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine('dialect:\/\/username:password@host:port\/database') <\/code>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c<code>dialect<\/code> \u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65b9\u8a00\uff08\u5982 <code>mysql<\/code>, <code>postgresql<\/code>, <code>sqlite<\/code> \u7b49\uff09\uff0c<code>username<\/code> \u548c <code>password<\/code> \u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u51ed\u636e\uff0c<code>host<\/code> \u548c <code>port<\/code> \u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c<code>database<\/code> \u662f\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u8868<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49 Python \u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base Base = declarative_base() class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String) <\/code>\u521b\u5efa\u8868\uff1apythonCopy code<code>Base.metadata.create_all(engine)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u7684 <code>Session<\/code> \u7c7b\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import Session session = Session(bind=engine)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u4f60\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u914d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u5b89\u88c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6eChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SQLAlchemy \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e\u662f\u5728\u5b89\u88c5 SQLAlchemy \u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u914d\u7f6e\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4f1a\u8bdd\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bfc\u5165\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6a21\u5757<\/strong>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5bfc\u5165 <code>create_engine<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import create_engine<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa Engine \u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>create_engine<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a Engine \u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c06\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u6240\u6709\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002pythonCopy code<code>engine = create_engine('dialect:\/\/username:password@host:port\/database')<\/code>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>dialect<\/code>: \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65b9\u8a00\uff0c\u5982 <code>mysql<\/code>, <code>postgresql<\/code>, <code>sqlite<\/code> \u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>username<\/code> \u548c <code>password<\/code>: \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u767b\u5f55\u51ed\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>host<\/code> \u548c <code>port<\/code>: \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>database<\/code>: \u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bfc\u5165\u6a21\u5757<\/strong>\u5bfc\u5165\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u5217\u548c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u57fa\u7c7b<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>declarative_base<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7c7b\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base Base = declarative_base()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684 Python \u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u5c06\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bfc\u5165 Session \u7c7b<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import Session<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa Session \u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>Session<\/code> \u7c7b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 Session \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e4b\u524d\u521b\u5efa\u7684 Engine \u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u6570\u3002pythonCopy code<code>session = Session(bind=engine)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86 SQLAlchemy \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a Session \u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c CRUD\uff08\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u8bfb\u53d6\u3001\u66f4\u65b0\u3001\u5220\u9664\uff09\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 Engine \u5bf9\u8c61\u6267\u884c\u539f\u59cb SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4f60\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u591a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3001\u4e8b\u52a1\u9694\u79bb\u7ea7\u522b\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u7f6e\u901a\u5e38\u8db3\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u7684ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f ORM\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff08Object-Relational Mapping\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0 ORM\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f16\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bfc\u5411\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e4b\u95f4\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u865a\u62df\u5bf9\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u5728 Python \u7684 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0cORM \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528 Python \u7c7b\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\uff09\u6765\u8868\u793a\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6a21\u578b\uff08Model\uff09<\/strong>: \u5728 ORM \u4e2d\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u7c7b\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff08Session\uff09<\/strong>: \u4f1a\u8bdd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u6301\u4e45\u6027\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f1a\u8bdd\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u5220\u9664\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u67e5\u8be2\uff08Query\uff09<\/strong>: \u67e5\u8be2\u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u7d22\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684 API \u6765\u6784\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u7684 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u58f0\u660e\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>: \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea <code>Base<\/code> \u7684 Python \u7c7b\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base Base = declarative_base() class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u8868<\/strong>: \u4e00\u65e6\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>create_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>Base.metadata.create_all(engine)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/strong>: \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import Session session = Session(bind=engine)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6301\u4e45\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u4f1a\u8bdd\u8fdb\u884c CRUD \u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6dfb\u52a0\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>new_user = User(name='John') session.add(new_user) session.commit()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u67e5\u8be2\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>users = session.query(User).filter_by(name='John').all()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u66f4\u65b0\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>user = session.query(User).filter_by(name='John').first() user.name = 'Johnny' session.commit()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5220\u9664\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>user = session.query(User).filter_by(name='Johnny').first() session.delete(user) session.commit()<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42<\/strong>: ORM \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f SQL \u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65e0\u5173\u6027<\/strong>: \u7531\u4e8e ORM \u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u8f7b\u677e\u5207\u6362\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>: ORM \u6846\u67b6\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5904\u7406 SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u7b49\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 ORM \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u9605\u8bfb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DRY\uff08Don&#8217;t Repeat Yourself\uff09<\/strong>: ORM \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u5b9a\u4e49\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u91cd\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b26\u5408 DRY \u539f\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>: ORM \u901a\u5e38\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u590d\u6742\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u66f4\u52a0\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7406\u89e3 ORM \u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u6216\u5176\u4ed6 ORM \u6846\u67b6\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u7684Core SQL\u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edfChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Core SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Core SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0cCore SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u5957 Pythonic \u7684 API \u6765\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u6267\u884c SQL \u8bed\u53e5\u3002\u4e0e ORM \u5c42\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cCore SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u539f\u59cb SQL\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Engine<\/strong>: Engine \u662f SQLAlchemy Core \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dialect<\/strong>: Dialect \u662f Engine \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u7279\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u5982 MySQL\u3001PostgreSQL \u7b49\uff09\u7684 SQL \u65b9\u8a00\u548c DBAPI\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Expression Language<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u5efa SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u7684 Python DSL\uff08\u9886\u57df\u7279\u5b9a\u8bed\u8a00\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MetaData<\/strong>: MetaData \u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u8868\u3001\u5217\u3001\u7ea6\u675f\u7b49\uff09\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Table<\/strong>: \u5728 SQLAlchemy Core \u4e2d\uff0cTable \u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Column \u548c Data Types<\/strong>: Column \u5bf9\u8c61\u8868\u793a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c Data Types \u8868\u793a\u8be5\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa Engine<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine('dialect:\/\/username:password@host:port\/database')<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b9a\u4e49 MetaData \u548c Table<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String metadata = MetaData() users = Table('users', metadata, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String) )<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u6267\u884c SQL \u67e5\u8be2<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u9009\u62e9\uff08SELECT\uff09<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import select s = select([users]) result = engine.execute(s)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u63d2\u5165\uff08INSERT\uff09<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import insert i = insert(users).values(name='John') engine.execute(i)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u66f4\u65b0\uff08UPDATE\uff09<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import update u = update(users).where(users.c.name == 'John').values(name='Johnny') engine.execute(u)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5220\u9664\uff08DELETE\uff09<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import delete d = delete(users).where(users.c.name == 'Johnny') engine.execute(d)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027<\/strong>: Core SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6784\u5efa\u51e0\u4e4e\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u63a7\u5236<\/strong>: \u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u4f18\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u6216\u6267\u884c\u590d\u6742 SQL \u903b\u8f91\u65f6\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65e0\u5173\u6027<\/strong>: \u5c31\u50cf ORM \u4e00\u6837\uff0cCore SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7ec4\u5408\u80fd\u529b<\/strong>: \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u7ec4\u5408\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 SQL \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u91cd\u7528\u6027<\/strong>: \u7531\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u662f\u4ee5 Python \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6784\u5efa\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u91cd\u7528\u6216\u6269\u5c55\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>: \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e ORM\uff0cCore SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9632\u6b62 SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3 SQLAlchemy Core SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u7684DBAPI\u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DBAPI \u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f DBAPI \u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>DBAPI\uff08Database API\uff09\u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u7ec4\u4ef6\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u5904\u7406 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6267\u884c\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u5b83\u662f Python DBAPI 2.0 \u89c4\u8303\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Connection Pool<\/strong>: \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u5229\u7528\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cursor<\/strong>: Cursor \u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u4e8e\u6267\u884c SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u5e76\u83b7\u53d6\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transaction<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3001\u63d0\u4ea4\u548c\u56de\u6eda\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Error Handling<\/strong>: DBAPI \u5c42\u4e5f\u8d1f\u8d23\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5305\u62ec SQL \u9519\u8bef\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u83b7\u53d6\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\u5728 DBAPI \u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4ece\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>connection = engine.connect()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6267\u884c SQL \u67e5\u8be2<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6267\u884c SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3002pythonCopy code<code>result = connection.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'John'\") <\/code>\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff1apythonCopy code<code>result = connection.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = :name\", {'name': 'John'})<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5904\u7406\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong>\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u904d\u5386\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u67e5\u8be2\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u3002pythonCopy code<code>for row in result: print(row)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406<\/strong>\u5728 DBAPI \u5c42\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u624b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002pythonCopy code<code>trans = connection.begin() try: connection.execute(\"INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES ('John')\") trans.commit() except: trans.rollback()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\u5b8c\u6210\u6240\u6709\u64cd\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c\u5173\u95ed\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>connection.close()<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6027\u80fd<\/strong>: \u7531\u4e8e DBAPI \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027<\/strong>: \u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55 SQL \u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u63a7\u5236<\/strong>: \u4e0e SQLAlchemy \u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0cDBAPI \u5c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee<\/strong>: \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u7279\u6b8a\u64cd\u4f5c\u6216\u4f18\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\uff0cDBAPI \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8de8\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/strong>: \u7531\u4e8e\u9075\u5faa DBAPI 2.0 \u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u4e5f\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 DBAPI \u5c42\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u610f\u9632\u6b62 SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u590d\u6742\u6027<\/strong>: \u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4 ORM \u548c Core SQL \u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u66f4\u96be\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3 SQLAlchemy \u7684 DBAPI \u4ea4\u4e92\u5c42\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u590d\u6742\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578bChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a Python \u7c7b\uff0c\u8be5\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u901a\u5e38\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea SQLAlchemy \u7684 <code>Base<\/code> \u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u8868\u7684\u5217\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Base Class<\/strong>: \u6240\u6709\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u5e94\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7c7b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 <code>declarative_base()<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base Base = declarative_base()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Table Name<\/strong>: \u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u90fd\u5e94\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a <code>__tablename__<\/code> \u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Columns<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>Column<\/code> \u7c7b\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u8868\u7684\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u5b9a\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Relationships<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>relationship<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u3001\u591a\u5bf9\u591a\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bfc\u5165\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6a21\u5757<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u57fa\u7c7b<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>Base = declarative_base()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String) email = Column(String, unique=True) # One-to-many relationship orders = relationship(\"Order\", back_populates=\"user\")<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u5173\u8054\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u7684 Python \u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b83\u4eec\u3002pythonCopy code<code>class Order(Base): __tablename__ = 'orders' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) total = Column(Integer) user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id')) # Back-populate user = relationship(\"User\", back_populates=\"orders\")<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Primary Key<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>primary_key=True<\/code> \u6765\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3b\u952e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unique<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>unique=True<\/code> \u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u5217\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Index<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>index=True<\/code> \u6765\u4e3a\u5217\u521b\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Default Values<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>default<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5217\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nullable<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>nullable=False<\/code> \u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u5217\u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b NULL \u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u65e6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>create_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>pythonCopy code<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>Base.metadata.create_all(engine)<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c06\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6a21\u578b\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u62bd\u8c61<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u578b\u4f7f\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7ea7\u522b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7b80\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u8d28\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u5220\u9664\u8868ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u5220\u9664\u8868<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5373 Python \u7c7b\uff09\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5bfc\u5165\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u548c\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import create_engine from your_model_file import YourModel, Base # \u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5728 'your_model_file' \u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5f15\u64ce<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>engine = create_engine('dialect:\/\/username:password@host:port\/database')<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>create_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><code>create_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>Base.metadata.create_all(engine) <\/code>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u547d\u4ee4\u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u6a21\u578b\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u8868\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5220\u9664\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c06\u6c38\u4e45\u5220\u9664\u8868\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>drop_all<\/code> \u6216 <code>drop<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5220\u9664\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>drop_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><code>drop_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u4e0e <code>Base<\/code> \u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) <\/code><strong>\u8b66\u544a\uff1a\u8fd9\u5c06\u5220\u9664\u6240\u6709\u8868\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>drop<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>Table<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 <code>drop<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>YourModel.__table__.drop(engine) <\/code>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c<code>YourModel<\/code> \u662f\u4f60\u60f3\u5220\u9664\u7684\u8868\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5907\u4efd<\/strong>: \u5728\u5220\u9664\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u5907\u4efd\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>: \u5728\u5220\u9664\u8868\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b83\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u4e5f\u51c6\u5907\u5220\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f9d\u8d56\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong>: \u8003\u8651\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u5220\u9664\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u80fd\u56de\u6eda\u5230\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6743\u9650<\/strong>: \u786e\u4fdd\u4f60\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6743\u9650\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u5220\u9664\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u5220\u9664\u8868\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5e94\u7528\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u548c\u654f\u611f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u8be5\u8c28\u614e\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 <code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u548c <code>Query<\/code> \u7c7b\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67e5\u8be2\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u7d22\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u548c\u6392\u5e8f\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Session<\/strong>: <code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u6240\u6709 ORM \u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u67e5\u8be2\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import Session session = Session(bind=engine)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Query Object<\/strong>: <code>Query<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u4e8e\u6784\u5efa\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(YourModel)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u9009\u62e9\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>all_records = session.query(YourModel).all()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u9009\u62e9\u67d0\u4e00\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>first_record = session.query(YourModel).first() <\/code>\u6216pythonCopy code<code>one_record = session.query(YourModel).filter_by(id=1).one()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8fc7\u6ee4\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>filter<\/code> \u6216 <code>filter_by<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>filtered_records = session.query(YourModel).filter(YourModel.name == 'John').all() <\/code>\u6216pythonCopy code<code>filtered_records = session.query(YourModel).filter_by(name='John').all()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6392\u5e8f\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>order_by<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>sorted_records = session.query(YourModel).order_by(YourModel.name).all()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8ba1\u6570<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>count<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>record_count = session.query(YourModel).count()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5206\u9875<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>limit<\/code> \u548c <code>offset<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>paginated_records = session.query(YourModel).limit(10).offset(20).all()<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u805a\u5408\u51fd\u6570<\/strong>\u5982 <code>sum<\/code>, <code>avg<\/code> \u7b49\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import func total = session.query(func.sum(YourModel.field)).scalar()<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u94fe\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u65b9\u6cd5\u94fe\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>pythonCopy code<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>complex_query = session.query(YourModel).filter_by(name='John').order_by(YourModel.id).limit(10).all()<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u62bd\u8c61\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u5199 SQL \u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 Pythonic \u7684 API \u548c\u94fe\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9632\u6b62 SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3 SQLAlchemy \u7684\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u7d22\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u65e0\u9700\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u5199 SQL \u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u67e5\u8be2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fde\u63a5\uff08joins\uff09\u3001\u5206\u7ec4\uff08group by\uff09\u3001\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u8fde\u63a5\uff08Joins\uff09<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>join<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8868\u8fde\u63a5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload query = session.query(User).join(Order).filter(Order.amount &gt; 100) <\/code>\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 <code>outerjoin<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u5916\u8fde\u63a5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).outerjoin(Order).filter(Order.amount == None)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5206\u7ec4\uff08Group By\uff09<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>group_by<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7ec4\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import func query = session.query(User.name, func.count(Order.id)).join(Order).group_by(User.name)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Having \u5b50\u53e5<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>having<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6dfb\u52a0 HAVING \u5b50\u53e5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User.name, func.count(Order.id)).join(Order).group_by(User.name).having(func.count(Order.id) &gt; 2)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u662f\u5d4c\u5957\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>subquery<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6807\u91cf\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2<\/strong>\u6807\u91cf\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u8fd4\u56de\u5355\u4e2a\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba2\u5355\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import desc subq = session.query(func.max(Order.date)).filter(Order.user_id == User.id).scalar_subquery() query = session.query(User, subq.label(\"last_order_date\"))<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5173\u8054\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2<\/strong>\u5173\u8054\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u4e3b\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e <code>exists<\/code>\u3001<code>any<\/code> \u6216 <code>all<\/code> \u7b49\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import exists subq = session.query(Order.id).filter(Order.user_id == User.id, Order.amount &gt; 100).exists() query = session.query(User).filter(subq)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5217<\/strong>\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5217\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u4e3b\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u3002pythonCopy code<code>subq = session.query(func.count(Order.id)).filter(Order.user_id == User.id).label(\"total_orders\") query = session.query(User, subq).group_by(User.id)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u94fe\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0e\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u65b9\u6cd5\u94fe\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>pythonCopy code<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>query = session.query(User).join(Order).filter(Order.amount &gt; 100).group_by(User.name).having(func.count(Order.id) &gt; 2)<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027<\/strong>: \u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6267\u884c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u68c0\u7d22\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u7f51\u7edc\u4f20\u8f93\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8d1f\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u7ec4\u5408<\/strong>: \u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u57fa\u7840\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u7ec4\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u68c0\u7d22\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3 SQLAlchemy \u7684\u590d\u6742\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u3001\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u68c0\u7d22\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\u4f7f SQLAlchemy \u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8054\u63a5\u7684\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u5efa\u5173\u7cfbChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8054\u63a5\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u5efa\u5173\u7cfb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fde\u63a5\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>relationship<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u3001\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u548c\u591a\u5bf9\u591a\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>ForeignKey<\/strong>: \u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>ForeignKey<\/code> \u7c7b\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u5916\u952e\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id'))<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>relationship<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>relationship<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship orders = relationship(\"Order\", back_populates=\"user\")<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u5efa\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\u5728\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u884c\u90fd\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u6709\u4e14\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u8054\u3002pythonCopy code<code>class Parent(Base): __tablename__ = 'parents' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) child = relationship(\"Child\", uselist=False, back_populates=\"parent\") class Child(Base): __tablename__ = 'children' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('parents.id')) parent = relationship(\"Parent\", back_populates=\"child\")<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\u5728\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u884c\u6709\u5173\u8054\u3002pythonCopy code<code>class Customer(Base): __tablename__ = 'customers' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) orders = relationship(\"Order\", back_populates=\"customer\") class Order(Base): __tablename__ = 'orders' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) customer_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('customers.id')) customer = relationship(\"Customer\", back_populates=\"orders\")<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u591a\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\u5728\u591a\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u884c\u6709\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002pythonCopy code<code>association_table = Table('association', Base.metadata, Column('student_id', Integer, ForeignKey('students.id')), Column('course_id', Integer, ForeignKey('courses.id')) ) class Student(Base): __tablename__ = 'students' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) courses = relationship(\"Course\", secondary=association_table, back_populates=\"students\") class Course(Base): __tablename__ = 'courses' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) students = relationship(\"Student\", secondary=association_table, back_populates=\"courses\")<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9009\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lazy Loading<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>lazy<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u4f55\u65f6\u52a0\u8f7d\u5173\u8054\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<code>lazy='joined'<\/code> \u4f1a\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u67e5\u8be2\u65f6\u7acb\u5373\u52a0\u8f7d\u5173\u8054\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cascading<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>cascade<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u7ea7\u8054\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Back Populates<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>back_populates<\/code> \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u53cc\u5411\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u5916\u952e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6613\u7528\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u7684 <code>relationship<\/code> \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5 Pythonic \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>: \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u5173\u7cfb\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u68c0\u7d22\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6a21\u62df\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbe\u8ba1\u66f4\u52a0\u5065\u58ee\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5c06\u5927\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u6570\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8054\u63a5\u7684\u5982\u4f55\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5cChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8054\u63a5\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8054\u63a5\uff08Join\uff09\u64cd\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u57fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u7ec4\u5408\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528 <code>join<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3001<code>outerjoin<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u5728 <code>filter<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u8054\u63a5\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>join<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>join<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5185\u8054\u63a5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).join(Order).filter(Order.amount &gt; 100)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>outerjoin<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 <code>outerjoin<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u5de6\u5916\u8054\u63a5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).outerjoin(Order).filter(Order.amount == None)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5185\u8054\u63a5<\/strong>pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload query = session.query(User).join(Order).filter(Order.amount &gt; 100) <\/code>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c<code>User<\/code> \u548c <code>Order<\/code> \u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e <code>user_id<\/code> \u7684\u5916\u952e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6307\u5b9a\u8054\u63a5\u6761\u4ef6<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u6307\u5b9a\u8054\u63a5\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff1apythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).join(Order, User.id == Order.user_id)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u591a\u8868\u8054\u63a5<\/strong>\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6b21\u8054\u63a5\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).join(Order).join(Address).filter(Order.amount &gt; 100, Address.city == 'New York')<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5de6\u5916\u8054\u63a5<\/strong>\u5728\u5de6\u5916\u8054\u63a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u53f3\u8868\uff08<code>Order<\/code>\uff09\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5339\u914d\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5de6\u8868\uff08<code>User<\/code>\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u8fd4\u56de\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).outerjoin(Order).filter(Order.amount == None)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8054\u63a5\u5e76\u9009\u62e9\u7279\u5b9a\u5217<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5217\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u6307\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5217\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User.name, Order.amount).join(Order).filter(Order.amount &gt; 100)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>aliased<\/code> \u8fdb\u884c\u8054\u63a5<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5728\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>aliased<\/code> \u521b\u5efa\u522b\u540d\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased OrderAlias = aliased(Order) query = session.query(User, OrderAlias).join(OrderAlias, User.orders)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u6574\u5408<\/strong>: \u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u6574\u5408\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u5408\u7406\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u8054\u63a5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u68c0\u7d22\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u67e5\u8be2\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u8054\u63a5\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5185\u8054\u63a5\u3001\u5916\u8054\u63a5\u548c\u81ea\u8054\u63a5\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u7075\u6d3b\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\u5404\u79cd\u67e5\u8be2\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u8054\u63a5\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u68c0\u7d22\u548c\u6574\u5408\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u5b83\u5c06\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5982\u4f55\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8b\u52a1ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8b\u52a1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e8b\u52a1\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u4e00\u6216\u591a\u4e2a SQL \u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u8981\u4e48\u5168\u90e8\u6210\u529f\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5168\u90e8\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7 <code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Session<\/strong>: \u5728 SQLAlchemy \u7684 ORM \u4e2d\uff0c<code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4ea4\u4e92\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import Session session = Session(bind=engine)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8b\u52a1\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb<\/strong>\u5f53\u4f60\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a <code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u5220\u9664\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09\u65f6\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002pythonCopy code<code>new_user = User(name='John', email='john@example.com') session.add(new_user) <\/code>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u8c03\u7528 <code>session.add()<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u624b\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb<\/strong>\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>begin<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u624b\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002pythonCopy code<code>transaction = session.begin()<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>commit<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4fdd\u5b58\u6240\u6709\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u5e76\u7ed3\u675f\u5f53\u524d\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002pythonCopy code<code>session.commit() <\/code>\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u52a1\u6210\u529f\u63d0\u4ea4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5728\u8be5\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u90fd\u4f1a\u6c38\u4e45\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u56de\u6eda\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u64a4\u9500\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u66f4\u6539\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rollback<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>session.rollback() <\/code>\u8fd9\u5c06\u64a4\u9500\u6240\u6709\u672a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u5e76\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u624b\u52a8\u7ed3\u675f<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5df2\u624b\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u7528 <code>transaction<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 <code>commit<\/code> \u6216 <code>rollback<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7ed3\u675f\u5b83\u3002pythonCopy code<code>transaction.commit() <\/code>\u6216pythonCopy code<code>transaction.rollback()<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5d4c\u5957\u4e8b\u52a1<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u652f\u6301\u5d4c\u5957\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u5185\u90e8\u5f00\u59cb\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7 <code>begin_nested<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Savepoint<\/strong>: \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u5185\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u591a\u4e2a\u4fdd\u5b58\u70b9\uff08Savepoint\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u4e8b\u52a1\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u53ea\u56de\u6eda\u5230\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u52a8\u56de\u6eda<\/strong>: \u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65ad\u5f00\u8fde\u63a5\uff0cSQLAlchemy \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u56de\u6eda\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Session \u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f<\/strong>: \u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684 <code>Session<\/code> \u5b9e\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u4e00\u81f4\u6027<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4e00\u7ec4\u64cd\u4f5c\u8981\u4e48\u5168\u90e8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5168\u90e8\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u9519\u8bef\u6062\u590d<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u4e8b\u52a1\u56de\u6eda\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u6062\u590d\u4ece\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236<\/strong>: \u4e8b\u52a1\u8fd8\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u5e76\u53d1\u8bbf\u95ee\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u6d89\u53ca\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6edaChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e8b\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\uff1a\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6eda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6eda\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6eda\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5f53\u5728\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u7ec4\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u56de\u6eda\uff08\u64a4\u9500\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38<\/strong>\u5728\u6267\u884c\u4e8b\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 try-except \u5757\u6765\u6355\u83b7\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5f02\u5e38\u3002pythonCopy code<code>try: new_user = User(name='John', email='john@example.com') session.add(new_user) session.commit() except Exception as e: print(f\"An error occurred: {e}\")<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f<\/strong>\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u578b\u6765\u8f93\u51fa\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6d88\u606f\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError, OperationalError try: # ... (transaction code) except IntegrityError: print(\"Integrity error, possibly due to a constraint violation.\") except OperationalError: print(\"Operational error, possibly due to database connection issues.\") except Exception as e: print(f\"An unknown error occurred: {e}\")<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u56de\u6eda\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rollback<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u5728\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>rollback<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u64a4\u9500\u6240\u6709\u672a\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u66f4\u6539\u3002pythonCopy code<code>try: # ... (transaction code) session.commit() except Exception as e: session.rollback() print(f\"An error occurred: {e}. Transaction rolled back.\")<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>with<\/code> \u8bed\u53e5<\/strong>\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>with<\/code> \u8bed\u53e5\u548c <code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 <code>begin<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u5904\u7406\u56de\u6eda\u3002pythonCopy code<code>with session.begin(): # ... (transaction code) <\/code>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u5931\u8d25\uff0c<code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6267\u884c\u56de\u6eda\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5d4c\u5957\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u70b9<\/strong>\u5728\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5d4c\u5957\u4e8b\u52a1\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u70b9\uff08Savepoint\uff09\u3002pythonCopy code<code>try: with session.begin_nested(): # ... (nested transaction code) except Exception as e: session.rollback() print(f\"An error occurred in the nested transaction: {e}\")<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u591a\u6b21\u56de\u6eda<\/strong>: \u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u8c03\u7528 <code>rollback<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u4f1a\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5173\u95ed Session<\/strong>: \u5728\u56de\u6eda\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5173\u95ed\u6216\u91cd\u7f6e <code>Session<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55<\/strong>: \u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u7528\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08Logging\uff09\u6765\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u6210\u529f\u548c\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u548c\u5ba1\u8ba1\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u5904\u7406\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u6267\u884c\u56de\u6eda\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e5f\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528\u7ed3\u6784\u5316\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6eda\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u5982\u4f55\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u548c\u56de\u6eda\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5065\u58ee\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7684Eager\u52a0\u8f7dChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\uff1aEager \u52a0\u8f7d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Eager \u52a0\u8f7d\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0cEager \u52a0\u8f7d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u9884\u5148\u52a0\u8f7d\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3 N+1 \u67e5\u8be2\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5f53\u4f60\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u591a\u4e2a\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5173\u8054\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u91cf\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>joinedload<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>joinedload<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u63a5\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u9884\u5148\u52a0\u8f7d\u5173\u8054\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload query = session.query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders)).filter(User.id == 1) <\/code>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba2\u5355\u90fd\u5c06\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u52a0\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>subqueryload<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>subqueryload<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u9884\u5148\u52a0\u8f7d\u5173\u8054\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import subqueryload query = session.query(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders)).filter(User.id == 1) <\/code>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba2\u5355\u5c06\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u52a0\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>selectinload<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>selectinload<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a <code>IN<\/code> \u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u9884\u5148\u52a0\u8f7d\u5173\u8054\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload query = session.query(User).options(selectinload(User.orders)).filter(User.id == 1) <\/code>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u5173\u8054\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8ba2\u5355\u5c06\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a <code>IN<\/code> \u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u52a0\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528 Eager \u52a0\u8f7d\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5355\u4e00\u5173\u8054<\/strong>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff08\u5982\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u4f7f\u7528 <code>joinedload<\/code>\u3001<code>subqueryload<\/code> \u6216 <code>selectinload<\/code>\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u591a\u7ea7\u5173\u8054<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u591a\u7ea7\u5173\u8054\uff08\u5982\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u591a\u5173\u7cfb\uff09\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>joinedload<\/code> \u7684 <code>nested<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload query = session.query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders, Order.items))<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u52a8\u6001\u52a0\u8f7d<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u52a0\u8f7d\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528 <code>load<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only query = session.query(User).options(load_only(\"name\", \"email\"))<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0cEager \u52a0\u8f7d\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7b80\u5316\u4ee3\u7801<\/strong>: \u4f7f\u7528 Eager \u52a0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u67e5\u8be2\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7b80\u5316\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7075\u6d3b\u6027<\/strong>: SQLAlchemy \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd Eager \u52a0\u8f7d\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u6839\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u9700\u6c42\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u9002\u5408\u7684\u52a0\u8f7d\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u5e94\u7528 Eager \u52a0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u54cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\uff1a\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4f18\u5316\u67e5\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u672f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u52a0\u8f7d<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>load_only<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u53ea\u52a0\u8f7d\u4f60\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only query = session.query(User).options(load_only(\"name\", \"email\"))<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u7d22\u5f15<\/strong>\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6bb5\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u901f\u67e5\u8be2\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import Index index = Index('my_index', User.name)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6279\u91cf\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>bulk_insert_mappings<\/code> \u6216 <code>bulk_update_mappings<\/code> \u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u91cf\u63d2\u5165\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u3002pythonCopy code<code>session.bulk_insert_mappings(User, [{'name': 'user1'}, {'name': 'user2'}])<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u67e5\u8be2\u7f13\u5b58<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u7f13\u5b58\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u7ecf\u5e38\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy_cache import Cache cache = Cache(session) query = session.query(User).options(cache.cache())<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f18\u5316\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u8054\u63a5<\/strong>\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b50\u67e5\u8be2\u548c\u8054\u63a5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4f7f\u7528 <code>EXPLAIN<\/code> \u6765\u5206\u6790\u67e5\u8be2\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\u3002sqlCopy code<code>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'John';<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5206\u9875<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>limit<\/code> \u548c <code>offset<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u67e5\u8be2\u5206\u9875\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u4e00\u6b21\u67e5\u8be2\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u3002pythonCopy code<code>query = session.query(User).limit(10).offset(20)<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 EXISTS \u800c\u975e COUNT<\/strong>\u5f53\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u7b26\u5408\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>EXISTS<\/code> \u800c\u975e <code>COUNT<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u524d\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u66f4\u5feb\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import exists query = session.query(exists().where(User.name == 'John'))<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u9ad8\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u51cf\u5c11\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528<\/strong>: \u4f18\u5316\u540e\u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u5c11\u7684 CPU \u548c\u5185\u5b58\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u63d0\u9ad8\u54cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6<\/strong>: \u5bf9\u7528\u6237\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u9875\u9762\u52a0\u8f7d\u548c\u66f4\u6d41\u7545\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u67e5\u8be2\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8 SQLAlchemy \u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5feb\u3001\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\u548c\u751f\u6210\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210CREATE\u8bed\u53e5ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\u548c\u751f\u6210\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\uff08Database Introspection\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6709\u5173\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08schema\uff09\u3001\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u6bb5\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u7b49\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728 SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5185\u7701\u529f\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u6216\u66f4\u65b0 Python \u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u5339\u914d\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u53cd\u5c04\uff08Reflection\uff09<\/strong>\u53cd\u5c04\u662f SQLAlchemy \u4e2d\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>MetaData<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u548c <code>reflect<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u52a0\u8f7d\u4fe1\u606f\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import MetaData meta = MetaData() meta.reflect(bind=engine) <\/code>\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c<code>meta<\/code> \u5bf9\u8c61\u5c06\u5305\u542b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u8868\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u81ea\u52a8\u52a0\u8f7d\uff08autoload\uff09<\/strong>\u4f60\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u6a21\u578b\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e <code>autoload=True<\/code>\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u52a8\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u52a0\u8f7d\u5217\u4fe1\u606f\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy import Table my_table = Table('my_table', meta, autoload=True, autoload_with=engine)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>create_all<\/code><\/strong>\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>create_all<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002pythonCopy code<code>Base.metadata.create_all(engine) <\/code>\u8fd9\u5c06\u4e3a <code>Base<\/code> \u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6a21\u578b\u751f\u6210\u76f8\u5e94\u7684 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5e76\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u53e5\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u751f\u6210 SQL \u8bed\u53e5<\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u67e5\u770b\u751f\u6210\u7684 SQL CREATE \u8bed\u53e5\u800c\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>string<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateTable print(CreateTable(User.__table__).compile(engine)) <\/code>\u8fd9\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa <code>User<\/code> \u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 CREATE TABLE \u8bed\u53e5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u540c\u6b65\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/strong>: \u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd Python \u6a21\u578b\u548c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u540c\u6b65\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u51cf\u5c11\u624b\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c<\/strong>: \u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u624b\u52a8\u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u9519\u8bef\u51cf\u5c11<\/strong>: \u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u7684 SQL \u8bed\u53e5\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u624b\u52a8\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u89e3\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5185\u7701\u548c\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 CREATE \u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u624b\u52a8\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e2d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/_next\/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fa%2FAAcHTtdQvKTfcfwR0bXrfLjIN0Vmoln5pVObYXE2hRFieJsISok%3Ds96-c&amp;w=96&amp;q=75\" alt=\"User\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bf7\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027ChatGPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e3b\u9898\uff1a\u5b89\u5168\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u6d89\u53ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u53ca\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u514d\u53d7\u672a\u7ecf\u6388\u6743\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 SQLAlchemy \u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bbf\u95ee\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e3b\u8981\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u63aa\u65bd<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u9632\u62a4<\/strong>SQLAlchemy \u7684\u67e5\u8be2\u6784\u9020\u5668\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u4e49\u6240\u6709\u7684 SQL \u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51cf\u5c11 SQL \u6ce8\u5165\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u59cb SQL \u67e5\u8be2\u3002pythonCopy code<code># \u63a8\u8350 session.query(User).filter_by(name='John') # \u4e0d\u63a8\u8350 session.execute(\"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'John';\")<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6700\u5c0f\u6743\u9650\u539f\u5219<\/strong>\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7528\u6237\u5206\u914d\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0d\u5e94\u7ed9\u5b83\u5199\u5165\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u5b58\u50a8\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u51ed\u636e<\/strong>\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u786c\u7f16\u7801\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u51ed\u636e\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u6216\u5bc6\u94a5\u7ba1\u7406\u670d\u52a1\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002pythonCopy code<code>import os db_url = os.environ.get('DATABASE_URL')<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u52a0\u5bc6<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528 SSL\/TLS \u6765\u52a0\u5bc6\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u6bb5\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u52a0\u5bc6\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u654f\u611f\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5ba1\u8ba1\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7<\/strong>\u542f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5ba1\u8ba1\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u4ef6\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/strong>\u5728\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u67e5\u8be2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u8fdb\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u548c\u6e05\u7406\u3002pythonCopy code<code>from validate_email_address import validate_email if validate_email(user_email): session.query(User).filter_by(email=user_email)<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4e3b\u9898<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Row-Level Security<\/strong>\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ea7\u522b\u5b9e\u65bd\u884c\u7ea7\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u54ea\u4e9b\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u54ea\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u884c\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u4f7f\u7528 ORM \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong>SQLAlchemy \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f1a\u7981\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u52a8\u6001\u5b57\u6bb5\u540d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9632\u706b\u5899<\/strong>\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9632\u706b\u5899\u6765\u9650\u5236\u54ea\u4e9b IP \u5730\u5740\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5b9a\u671f\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u8ba1<\/strong>\u5b9a\u671f\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u5168\u5ba1\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ee5\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u4fee\u590d\u4efb\u4f55\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 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